Published Date: 2023-04-14 01:33:16 BST
Subject: PRO/AH> Foot & mouth disease - Iraq (07): livestock, st SAT-2, tt XIV, spread, WOAH
Archive Number: 20230414.8709474
FOOT & MOUTH DISEASE - IRAQ (07): LIVESTOCK, SEROTYPE SAT-2, TOPOTYPE XIV, SPREAD, WOAH
A ProMED-mail post http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases http://www.isid.org
Date: Thu 13 Apr 2023
Source: WOAH-WAHIS (World Animal Health Information System) 2023 [abridged, edited]
https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-event/4856/dashboard
Iraq, FMDV SAT-2, follow up report no. 8
----------------------------------------
General information
-------------------
Event ID 4856
Disease: Foot and mouth disease virus
Causal agent: Foot and mouth disease virus
Genotype/Serotype: SAT-2
Start date: 3 Jan 2023
Confirmation date: 15 Jan 2023
Event status: ongoing
Epidemiology
------------
Source of event or origin of infection: unknown or inconclusive
Epidemiological comments: Active surveillance is in place to update and confirm the new disease foci. The source and phylogeny of the causative lineage/sub lineage is under investigation (pathological samples sent to SAP institute/Türkiye). No vaccination zoning / and no mass vaccination campaign due to delay in purchasing vaccines, animal movement restriction.
Quantitative data summary
-------------------------
Total epidemiological statistics of (36) outbreaks since start of event:
Species / Susceptible / Cases / Deaths / Culled / Slaughtered / Vaccinated
Buffaloes / 4113 / 2102 / 159 / 0 / 0 / 0
Cattle / 5080 / 1983 / 55 / 0 / 0 / 0
Sheep / 28 848 / 23 882 / 17 / 0 / 0 / 0
Goats / 80 / 15 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Diagnostic details
------------------
Clinical signs: yes
Method of diagnostic: diagnostic test
a.
Test name: Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR)
Laboratory: Central Veterinary Laboratory
Species sampled: cattle, buffaloes
Outbreak: Gogjaly, Zarqa
Result date: 15 Jan 2023
Result: positive
b.
Test name: Gene sequencing
Laboratory: The Pirbright Institute
Species sampled: cattle, buffaloes
Outbreak: Gogjaly, Zarqa
Result date: 2 Feb 2023
Result: positive
--
Communicated by:
ProMED
[Iraq's immediate notification of the event was submitted on 26 Jan 2023. The 8 follow-up reports (FURs) published since, were submitted on 1, 3, 3, 12, and 26 Feb 2023, 8 and 19 Mar 2023, and (the most recent, FUR8) on 11 Apr 2023.
A total of 36 outbreaks have been reported since the start of the event in January 2023, from locations spread throughout Iraq, from Mosul in the north-west, bordering north east Syria and south east Turkey (the "Kurdish triangle"), down to the south east, bordering Kuwait on the south and south west Iran on the east. Their respective locations are presented on an interactive map available at https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4856?fromPage=event-dashboard-url.
FMDV SAT-2 has been circulating in 2023 in 2 of Iraq's neighbours, Jordan and Türkiye. The Iraqi event and the assumed origin of the pathogen have been addressed in a recent EUFMD update (item 2). - Mod.AS]
******
Date: Thu 16 Mar 2023
Source: EuFMD [edited]
https://www.fao.org/3/cc5010en/cc5010en.pdf
Update On SAT2 Situation In Iraq
--------------------------------
An unexpected increase in the number and in clinical severity of FMD outbreaks has been detected in Iraq since December 2022. Samples were sent to the FMD (SAP) Institute in Türkiye through an agreement between the countries facilitated by EuFMD, and, on 3 Feb 2023, it was reported that the causative virus belongs to the SAT2 serotype, namely topotype XIV and most closely related to SAT2 strains from Ethiopia.
There currently is widespread FMD especially in buffalo and cattle populations with severe clinical signs. According to Iraqi estimations, more than 70-80% of the LR herds were affected by FMD since December 2022.
Morbidity is high, often higher than 90% and mortality is observed in cattle and buffalo calves, and in adult animals, often as result of enterotoxaemia (Cl. perfringens) and haemorrhagic septicaemia (P. multocida) as secondary infections, and poor condition of animals at the end of winter. High mortality is also seen in SR lambs.
There are currently very limited diagnostic tests available in Iraqi labs to diagnose FMD and differentiate endemic FMD from serotype SAT2. The most recent FMD vaccination was conducted in 2021 (for serotype A, O, Asia1).
Concerning economic losses due to FMD SAT2, see the report from Jordan in a ProMED post from 4 Mar 2023 [20230304.8708723]. Jordan had in fact been affected by the same serotype in January [2023].
--
Communicated by:
ProMED
[An EUFMD update on the SAT-2 situation in Türkiye, and a summary on risk of regional spread, are also available at the same URL in item 2 above. The following is extracted from the update above:
"Summary on risk of spread
--------------------------
1. Regional trade of animals: several hundred thousand animals are traded within the SEEN ["South East European Neighbourhood including Türkiye, Transcaucasus countries, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq"] region and exported to Near East and Gulf countries. Export of live animals to Iraq has been suspended from Armenia (February 2023) and is continuing from Georgia.
2. Seasonal grazing movements: starting in spring, several million small and large ruminants migrate up to several kilometers within countries, movements have started (Armenia) or are due to start in other SEEN countries.
3. Live animal markets are operating in most SEEN countries.
4. High livestock/meat prices in Iraq and Türkiye increase the risk of introduction of animals/meat.
5. Informal animal movements continue and pose a high risk of animals being introduced through borders.
6. Risks of delayed detection are increased by very limited availability of diagnostic tests and no availability of vaccines in most of SEEN countries".
It may be assumed that the actual number of outbreaks and losses in Iraq's livestock population which has remained unvaccinated, are higher than reported. - Mod.AS
Date: Thu 13 Apr 2023
Source: WOAH-WAHIS (World Animal Health Information System) 2023 [abridged, edited]
https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-event/4856/dashboard
Iraq, FMDV SAT-2, follow up report no. 8
----------------------------------------
General information
-------------------
Event ID 4856
Disease: Foot and mouth disease virus
Causal agent: Foot and mouth disease virus
Genotype/Serotype: SAT-2
Start date: 3 Jan 2023
Confirmation date: 15 Jan 2023
Event status: ongoing
Epidemiology
------------
Source of event or origin of infection: unknown or inconclusive
Epidemiological comments: Active surveillance is in place to update and confirm the new disease foci. The source and phylogeny of the causative lineage/sub lineage is under investigation (pathological samples sent to SAP institute/Türkiye). No vaccination zoning / and no mass vaccination campaign due to delay in purchasing vaccines, animal movement restriction.
Quantitative data summary
-------------------------
Total epidemiological statistics of (36) outbreaks since start of event:
Species / Susceptible / Cases / Deaths / Culled / Slaughtered / Vaccinated
Buffaloes / 4113 / 2102 / 159 / 0 / 0 / 0
Cattle / 5080 / 1983 / 55 / 0 / 0 / 0
Sheep / 28 848 / 23 882 / 17 / 0 / 0 / 0
Goats / 80 / 15 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Diagnostic details
------------------
Clinical signs: yes
Method of diagnostic: diagnostic test
a.
Test name: Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR)
Laboratory: Central Veterinary Laboratory
Species sampled: cattle, buffaloes
Outbreak: Gogjaly, Zarqa
Result date: 15 Jan 2023
Result: positive
b.
Test name: Gene sequencing
Laboratory: The Pirbright Institute
Species sampled: cattle, buffaloes
Outbreak: Gogjaly, Zarqa
Result date: 2 Feb 2023
Result: positive
--
Communicated by:
ProMED
[Iraq's immediate notification of the event was submitted on 26 Jan 2023. The 8 follow-up reports (FURs) published since, were submitted on 1, 3, 3, 12, and 26 Feb 2023, 8 and 19 Mar 2023, and (the most recent, FUR8) on 11 Apr 2023.
A total of 36 outbreaks have been reported since the start of the event in January 2023, from locations spread throughout Iraq, from Mosul in the north-west, bordering north east Syria and south east Turkey (the "Kurdish triangle"), down to the south east, bordering Kuwait on the south and south west Iran on the east. Their respective locations are presented on an interactive map available at https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4856?fromPage=event-dashboard-url.
FMDV SAT-2 has been circulating in 2023 in 2 of Iraq's neighbours, Jordan and Türkiye. The Iraqi event and the assumed origin of the pathogen have been addressed in a recent EUFMD update (item 2). - Mod.AS]
******
Date: Thu 16 Mar 2023
Source: EuFMD [edited]
https://www.fao.org/3/cc5010en/cc5010en.pdf
Update On SAT2 Situation In Iraq
--------------------------------
An unexpected increase in the number and in clinical severity of FMD outbreaks has been detected in Iraq since December 2022. Samples were sent to the FMD (SAP) Institute in Türkiye through an agreement between the countries facilitated by EuFMD, and, on 3 Feb 2023, it was reported that the causative virus belongs to the SAT2 serotype, namely topotype XIV and most closely related to SAT2 strains from Ethiopia.
There currently is widespread FMD especially in buffalo and cattle populations with severe clinical signs. According to Iraqi estimations, more than 70-80% of the LR herds were affected by FMD since December 2022.
Morbidity is high, often higher than 90% and mortality is observed in cattle and buffalo calves, and in adult animals, often as result of enterotoxaemia (Cl. perfringens) and haemorrhagic septicaemia (P. multocida) as secondary infections, and poor condition of animals at the end of winter. High mortality is also seen in SR lambs.
There are currently very limited diagnostic tests available in Iraqi labs to diagnose FMD and differentiate endemic FMD from serotype SAT2. The most recent FMD vaccination was conducted in 2021 (for serotype A, O, Asia1).
Concerning economic losses due to FMD SAT2, see the report from Jordan in a ProMED post from 4 Mar 2023 [20230304.8708723]. Jordan had in fact been affected by the same serotype in January [2023].
--
Communicated by:
ProMED
[An EUFMD update on the SAT-2 situation in Türkiye, and a summary on risk of regional spread, are also available at the same URL in item 2 above. The following is extracted from the update above:
"Summary on risk of spread
--------------------------
1. Regional trade of animals: several hundred thousand animals are traded within the SEEN ["South East European Neighbourhood including Türkiye, Transcaucasus countries, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq"] region and exported to Near East and Gulf countries. Export of live animals to Iraq has been suspended from Armenia (February 2023) and is continuing from Georgia.
2. Seasonal grazing movements: starting in spring, several million small and large ruminants migrate up to several kilometers within countries, movements have started (Armenia) or are due to start in other SEEN countries.
3. Live animal markets are operating in most SEEN countries.
4. High livestock/meat prices in Iraq and Türkiye increase the risk of introduction of animals/meat.
5. Informal animal movements continue and pose a high risk of animals being introduced through borders.
6. Risks of delayed detection are increased by very limited availability of diagnostic tests and no availability of vaccines in most of SEEN countries".
It may be assumed that the actual number of outbreaks and losses in Iraq's livestock population which has remained unvaccinated, are higher than reported. - Mod.AS
ProMED map:
Iraq: https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8709474,89]
